PAST PROJECTS

What Are Comorbidities?

Comorbidities are other health conditions a person has at the same time as a primary disease or condition.

For instance: If someone has one main illness, any additional illnesses they also live with are called comorbidities.

Example

A person living with HIV who also has:

• Tuberculosis
• Diabetes
• Hypertension

These additional conditions above are comorbidities.

Why Comorbidities Matter

• They can make illnesses more severe
• They may complicate treatment
• They can increase risk of complications or death
• They often influence how doctors manage care and medication

Common Comorbidities in Public Health

• HIV/AIDS + Tuberculosis
• COVID-19 + Hypertension or Diabetes
• Malaria + Anemia

What Are Condoms?

Condoms are protective barriers used during sexual activity to help reduce the risk of sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including HIV, and to help prevent unplanned pregnancy.

There are two main types of condoms:

• External condoms (commonly called male condoms)
• Internal condoms (commonly called female condoms)

When used correctly and consistently, condoms are highly effective.

Why Are Condoms Important?

Condoms help:

• Reduce the risk of HIV transmission
• Prevent many sexually transmitted infections (STIs)
• Help prevent unplanned pregnancy
• Promote safer sexual practices

Condoms are one of the most accessible and affordable methods of protection.

How Do Condoms Work?

Condoms create a barrier that helps prevent the exchange of bodily fluids during sexual activity. This reduces the risk of HIV, STIs, and pregnancy.

What Types of Condoms Are Available?

External Condoms
External condoms are worn over the penis before sexual contact. They are commonly made from:

• Latex
• Polyurethane
• Polyisoprene

Internal Condoms
Internal condoms are inserted into the vagina before sexual activity. They provide protection by lining the inside of the vagina and creating a barrier.

Are Condoms Effective?

Yes. When used correctly and consistently, condoms are highly effective in reducing the risk of:

• HIV
• Many sexually transmitted infections
• Unplanned pregnancy

Effectiveness may decrease if condoms are used incorrectly or inconsistently.

How Should Condoms Be Used?

To use condoms correctly:

• Check the expiry date
• Open the package carefully
• Use a new condom for every sexual act
• Put the condom on before sexual contact begins
• Follow instructions carefully
• Dispose of used condoms safely after use

What Can Cause Condoms to Break or Fail?

Condoms may fail if:

• They are expired
• They are damaged during opening
• They are stored improperly
• Oil-based products are used with latex condoms
• They are used incorrectly
• They are reused

Using condoms properly helps improve effectiveness.

Can Condoms Be Used Together With Other HIV Prevention Methods?

Yes. Condoms can be used together with:

• HIV PrEP
• HIV treatment (ART)
• Regular HIV testing
• Other sexual and reproductive health services

Using multiple prevention methods can provide additional protection.

Are There Side Effects to Using Condoms?

Most people use condoms safely without problems. Some individuals may experience:

• Latex allergies
• Mild irritation
• Discomfort if the wrong size or type is used

NB: Non-latex condom options are available for people with latex allergies.

How Should Condoms Be Stored?

Condoms should be stored:

• In a cool, dry place
• Away from direct sunlight
• Away from sharp objects

Improper storage may damage condoms and reduce effectiveness.

Why Is Condom Use Important for HIV Prevention?

Condoms remain one of the most effective and affordable ways to help prevent HIV transmission, other sexually transmitted infections and pregnancy when used correctly and consistently.

Where Can I Get More Information or Support?

For more information on HIV prevention, sexual health, and condom use, contact WAAF-IHCC to speak with a qualified healthcare professional. Feel free to walk into any WAAF’s offices within our opening hours to get free condoms.

What is Tuberculosis Preventive Therapy (TPT)?

Tuberculosis Preventive Therapy (TPT) is treatment given to people who are at risk of developing active tuberculosis (TB) disease. TPT helps prevent inactive TB infection from becoming active TB disease. TPT is especially important for people living with HIV (PLHIV), because HIV weakens the immune system and increases the risk of developing active TB.

Why is TPT Important?

TB is one of the leading causes of illness and death among people living with HIV. Without prevention, people with weakened immune systems are more likely to develop active TB disease after being exposed to TB bacteria.

TPT helps to:

• Reduce the risk of developing active TB disease
• Protect the health of people living with HIV
• Reduce TB-related complications and deaths
• Support healthier and longer lives

Who Should Receive TPT?

TPT may be recommended for:

• People living with HIV (PLHIV)
• Close contacts of people with active TB
• Children exposed to TB
• People with weakened immune systems
• Individuals at high risk of developing TB disease

A healthcare provider will assess whether TPT is appropriate before treatment begins.

How Does TPT Work?

TPT uses medication to kill or suppress TB bacteria before they can cause active disease. Before starting TPT, healthcare providers usually screen patients for signs and symptoms of active TB to ensure they do not already have TB disease.

Common Types of TPT

Different TPT regimens may be used depending on national guidelines and individual health needs. Common options include:

• Isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT)
• Short-course rifapentine-based therapy
• Other TB preventive medication combinations

Your healthcare providers will determine the most suitable option.

Is TPT Safe?

TPT is generally safe and effective when taken as prescribed. Some people may experience mild side effects, including:

• Nausea
• Fatigue
• Skin rash
• Tingling in the hands or feet

NB: Patients should inform their healthcare provider if they experience any unusual symptoms while taking TPT.

Important Things to Remember

• TPT does not replace routine TB screening during healthcare visits.
• People on TPT should continue attending medical appointments.
• Taking medication exactly as prescribed is important for effectiveness.
• People living with HIV should continue taking antiretroviral therapy (ART) alongside taking TPT.

Can TB Be Prevented in Other Ways?

Yes. Additional ways to reduce the risk of TB include:

• Early testing and treatment of TB
• Good ventilation in homes and public spaces
• Covering the mouth when coughing or sneezing
• Wearing masks in high-risk settings when necessary
• Maintaining a healthy immune system
• Adhering to HIV treatment for people living with HIV

When Should You Seek Medical Advice?

Visit WAAF-IHCC or a healthcare facility near you if you experience symptoms such as: Persistent cough, Fever, Night sweats, Weight loss, Chest pain, Fatigue. Early detection and treatment save lives.

Learn More

For more information about TB, HIV, and prevention services, contact the WAAF clinic, International Health Care Centre (IHCC) in Haatso Accra to speak with a qualified healthcare professional or go to a health facility near you.

What is HIV?

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a virus that attacks the body’s immune system, making it harder to fight infections and diseases. If untreated, HIV can lead to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), which is the most advanced stage of the infection.

Key Facts

• HIV is not a death sentence—with proper and consistent treatment, people can live long, healthy lives despite living with it.
• Anyone can get HIV, regardless of age, gender, race, background or social status
• Many people living with HIV look and feel healthy, especially in early stages but they start to deteriorate if they are not on treatment correctly and consistently.
• Early testing and treatment are critical

How is HIV Transmitted?

HIV is transmitted through:

• Having unprotected sex with an infected person
• Blood transfusions with infected blood
• Sharing needles or sharp objects with an infected person
• From an infected mother to child during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding

HIV is not spread through:

• Hugging or shaking hands
• Sharing a bed, food or utensils
• Mosquito bites
• Using the same toilet and bathroom

HIV Testing: Why It Matters

Because you can never know a person’s HIV status by looking at them, knowing your HIV status is the first step to protecting yourself and others.

• HIV Testing is quick, safe, and confidential
• Early detection allows you to start treatment immediately and finding out from the test result that you do not have HIV, empowers you to keep making healthier decisions
• You can access testing at the WAAF clinic, the International Health Care Centre (IHCC) in Haatso Accra or any health facility near you.

Treatment & Living with HIV

There is currently no cure for HIV, but it can be managed with antiretroviral therapy (ART).

• ART reduces the amount of HIV virus in the body
• People Living with HIV and are on treatment can live normal, healthy lives
• With proper treatment, HIV can become undetectable, meaning it cannot be passed on to others (U=U: Undetectable = Untransmittable)

Prevention

• Abstinence
• Stay faithful to your partner

You can also reduce your risk of HIV by:

• Using condoms correctly and consistently
• Getting tested regularly like twice a year especially when you’re sexually active.
• Avoiding sharing needles or sharp objects
• Taking preventive medication such as PrEP (Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis) ahead of exposure or PEP (Post-Exposure Prophylaxis) within 72 hours (3 days) after exposure where available

HIV and Pregnancy

• It is absolutely possible for Women living with HIV can give birth to HIV-free babies
• Early treatment and proper care significantly reduces the risk of transmission.

Addressing Myths & Stigma

• You cannot tell if someone has HIV just by looking at them
• People living with HIV deserve respect, support, and inclusion like everyone else
• Stigma and discrimination discourage people from seeking testing and treatment

Where to Get Help

WAAF & IHCC offers:

• HIV testing and counselling
• Treatment support and referrals where necessary
• Community education and outreach
• Free condoms and lubricants
• Visit our offices and our clinic the International Health Care Centre in Haatso or contact us to learn more about available services.

Need Support?

If you have questions or need confidential support, please reach out to WAAF. Your health and wellbeing matter.

What Are PrEP and PEP?

PrEP (Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis) and PEP (Post-Exposure Prophylaxis) are medicines used to help prevent HIV infection. Both are highly effective when taken correctly, but they are used in different situations.

What is PrEP?

PrEP stands for Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis. PrEP is medicine taken by HIV-negative individuals before possible exposure to HIV to reduce their risk of getting HIV. When taken consistently as prescribed, PrEP is highly effective at preventing HIV transmission.

Who Can Benefit from PrEP?

PrEP may be recommended for people who:

• Have a sexual partner living with HIV
• Have multiple sexual partners
• Do not consistently use condoms
• Are at increased risk of HIV exposure
• Inject drugs and share needles or syringes
• Want additional protection against HIV

A healthcare provider can help determine if PrEP is suitable for an individual.

How Does PrEP Work?

PrEP works by preventing HIV from establishing infection in the body if exposure occurs. For PrEP to be effective, it must be taken consistently as prescribed.

Is PrEP Effective?

Yes. When taken correctly, PrEP greatly reduces the risk of getting HIV through sex or injection drug use. However, PrEP does not protect against:

• Other sexually transmitted infections (STIs)
• Unplanned pregnancy

Using condoms alongside PrEP provides additional protection.

Does Someone Need HIV Testing Before Starting PrEP?

Yes. A person must test HIV-negative before starting PrEP. Regular HIV testing and medical follow-up are also important while taking PrEP.

What Are Possible Side Effects of PrEP?

Most people tolerate PrEP well, but some may experience mild side effects such as:

• Nausea
• Headache
• Fatigue
• Stomach discomfort

However, these side effects often improve over time.

What is PEP?

PEP stands for Post-Exposure Prophylaxis. PEP is emergency medicine taken after possible exposure to HIV to help prevent infection. PEP must be started as soon as possible after exposure.

When Should PEP Be Used?

PEP may be recommended after:

• Unprotected sex
• Condom breakage
• Sexual assault
• Needle-stick injuries
• Sharing needles or syringes
• Other possible HIV exposures

A healthcare provider should assess the situation immediately.

How Soon Should PEP Be Started?

• PEP should be started within 72 hours (3 days) after possible HIV exposure.
• The sooner PEP is started, the more effective it is.
• PEP is usually taken for 28 days.

Is PEP Effective?

Yes. PEP can greatly reduce the risk of HIV infection if:

• It is started quickly
• Taken correctly
• The full treatment course is completed

Does PEP Replace Regular HIV Prevention Methods?

No. PEP is meant for emergency situations and should not replace regular HIV prevention strategies such as:

• Correct and consistent condom use
• PrEP
• Regular HIV testing
• Safe injection practices

Can Someone Use PrEP and PEP Together?

No, PEP is used after a possible exposure, while PrEP is used before exposure for ongoing prevention. After completing PEP, some individuals may be advised to start PrEP if they remain at ongoing risk of HIV exposure.

Can Pregnant or Breastfeeding Individuals Use PrEP or PEP?

In many cases, yes. Healthcare providers can assess the safest and most appropriate options based on individual needs.

How Can HIV Be Prevented?

Ways to reduce the risk of HIV include:

• Correct and consistent condom use
• Taking PrEP if at ongoing risk
• Using PEP after possible exposure
• Regular HIV testing
• Avoiding sharing needles or sharp objects
• Adhering to HIV treatment for people living with HIV

Why Is Regular HIV Testing Important?

Regular HIV testing helps people:

• Know their HIV status
• Access treatment early if needed
• Protect themselves and others
• Make informed health decisions

Early diagnosis and treatment improve health outcomes.

Where Can I Get More Information or Support?

For more information on HIV prevention, testing, PrEP, and PEP services, contact the WAAF clinic, International Health Care Centre (IHCC) or speak with a qualified healthcare professional.

What is Hepatitis C?

Hepatitis C is a viral infection that primarily affects the liver and can lead to chronic liver disease if untreated.

Key Facts

• Often has no symptoms in early stages
• Many people are unaware they are infected
• It is curable with modern treatment

Transmission

• Contact with infected blood
• Sharing needles or unsafe injections
• Unsafe medical procedures
• Less commonly through sexual contact

Symptoms

Often absent, but may include:

• Fatigue
• Loss of appetite
• Nausea
• Jaundice (in later stages)

Prevention

• Avoid sharing needles or sharp instruments
• Ensure safe medical and cosmetic procedures
• Screen blood before transfusion
• Practice safe sex

Treatment

• Direct-acting antiviral medications (can cure most cases)
• Regular follow-up for liver health

When to Seek Care

• If you are at risk or may have been exposed
• For routine screening and early diagnosis

For more information, please call 0243362447 – WAAF’s onsite clinic the International Health Care Centre (IHCC) to speak to a professional health care worker.

What is Hepatitis B?

Hepatitis B is a viral infection that affects the liver and can cause both short-term (acute) and long-term (chronic) disease.

Key Facts

• It is a major global health concern
• It can lead to liver cirrhosis and liver cancer
• A safe and effective vaccine is available

Transmission

• Contact with infected blood or body fluids
• Unprotected sexual contact
• Sharing needles or sharp objects
• From mother to baby during childbirth

Symptoms

Many people have no symptoms, but some may experience:

• Fatigue
• Yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice)
• Dark urine
• Abdominal pain

Prevention

• Get vaccinated
• Practice safe sex (use condoms)
• Avoid sharing needles, razors, or toothbrushes
• Ensure safe blood transfusions

Treatment

• Acute cases may resolve on their own
• Chronic Hepatitis B can be managed with antiviral medications
• Regular monitoring of liver health is important

When to Seek Care

• If you think you’ve been exposed
• If you experience symptoms
• For routine screening, especially if at risk

What is Chlamydia?

Chlamydia is a common sexually transmitted infection caused by the Chlamydia trachomatis bacteria.

Key Facts

• Often has no symptoms
• Can cause infertility if untreated
• Easily treated with antibiotics

Transmission

• Unprotected sexual contact
• Mother-to-child transmission during birth

Symptoms

• Abnormal discharge
• Burning during urination
• Lower abdominal pain

Prevention

• Use condoms
• Regular STI screening
• Mutual monogamy (Staying faithful to your partner and vice versa)

Treatment

• Antibiotics
• Avoid sexual activity until treatment is complete

When to Seek Care

Get tested if sexually active or if exposed to an infected partner.

What is Gonorrhoea?

Gonorrhoea is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacteria Neisseria gonorrheoea.

Key Facts

• It can affect both men and women
• Many people have no symptoms
• It is treatable with antibiotics

Transmission

• Unprotected vaginal, anal, or oral sex
• From mother to baby during childbirth

Symptoms

• Painful urination
• Unusual discharge
• Pelvic pain (in women)

Prevention

• Use condoms correctly and consistently
• Get tested regularly
• Limit number of sexual partners

Treatment

• Antibiotics prescribed by a healthcare provider
• Partner treatment is important

When to Seek Care

If you suspect exposure or notice symptoms, get tested immediately.

What is Cholera?

Cholera is a diarrheal disease caused by contaminated food or water.

Key Facts

• It can spread rapidly in areas with poor sanitation
• It can be life-threatening if untreated
• It is preventable and treatable

Causes and Transmission

• Drinking contaminated water
• Eating contaminated food
• Poor sanitation and hygiene

Symptoms

• Severe watery diarrhea
• Vomiting
• Dehydration

Prevention

• Drink safe, treated water
• Wash hands regularly
• Practice good sanitation
• Eat properly cooked food

Treatment

• Immediate rehydration (oral rehydration salts or IV fluids)
• Antibiotics in severe cases

When to Seek Care

Seek urgent care if there is severe diarrhea or signs of dehydration.

What is Diabetes?

Diabetes is a condition where the body cannot properly control blood sugar (glucose) levels.

Key Facts

• There are different types (Type 1, Type 2, and gestational)
• Type 2 is the most common
• It can be managed with proper care

Causes and Risk Factors

• Family history
• Overweight or obesity
• Poor diet
• Physical inactivity

Symptoms

• Frequent urination
• Excessive thirst
• Unexplained weight loss
• Fatigue

Prevention

• Maintain a healthy weight
• Eat balanced meals
• Exercise regularly
• Limit sugar intake

Treatment

• Lifestyle changes
• Oral medications or insulin
• Regular blood sugar monitoring

When to Seek Care

If you notice symptoms or have risk factors, get tested early.

What is Hypertension?

Hypertension is a condition where the force of blood against the artery walls is consistently high. It is often called the “silent killer” because it may not show symptoms.

Key Facts

• Many people with hypertension do not feel sick
• It can lead to heart disease, stroke, and kidney failure
• It is common but manageable

Causes and Risk Factors

• High salt intake
• Obesity
• Lack of physical activity
• Stress
• Alcohol and tobacco use
• Family history

Symptoms

Often none, but severe cases may include:

• Headaches
• Dizziness
• Blurred vision

Prevention

• Reduce salt intake
• Eat a balanced diet (fruits and vegetables)
• Exercise regularly
• Avoid smoking and excessive alcohol
• Manage stress

Treatment

• Lifestyle changes
• Prescribed medications
• Regular blood pressure monitoring

When to Seek Care

Check your blood pressure regularly and seek care if readings are consistently high.

What is Marburg Virus Disease?

Marburg is a severe and often fatal viral hemorrhagic fever.

Key Facts

• Spreads through contact with infected bodily fluids
• Has a high fatality rate
• Requires urgent medical attention

Symptoms

• Sudden fever
• Severe headache
• Vomiting and diarrhea
• Bleeding in severe cases

What to Do

• Seek immediate medical care
• Avoid contact with infected persons
• Report suspected cases to health authorities

Prevention

• Avoid contact with bodily fluids
• Use protective equipment when caring for patients with Marburg virus
• Follow public health guidance

Where to Get Help

Contact WAAF’s clinic the International Health Care Centre (IHCC) in Haatso or emergency health services immediately if suspected.

What is COVID-19?

COVID-19 is a respiratory illness caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus belonging to the group of corona virus.

Key Facts

• It spreads through respiratory droplets
• Vaccination reduces severe illness
• People with underlying conditions are at higher risk

Symptoms

• Fever
• Cough
• Shortness of breath
• Loss of taste or smell

Testing

Testing helps confirm infection and prevent spread.

Care

• Most cases are mild and can be managed at home
• Severe cases require medical attention

Prevention

• Vaccination
• Hand hygiene
• Wearing masks in high-risk settings

Where to Get Help

WAAF and its clinic, the International Health Care Centre provides guidance and referrals.

What is Mpox?

Mpox is a viral disease that spreads through close contact with an infected person, animal, or contaminated materials.

Key Facts

• Mpox is usually mild but can be serious in some cases
• It spreads through skin contact, bodily fluids, or respiratory droplets

Symptoms

• Rash or skin lesions
• Fever
• Swollen lymph nodes
• Headache and muscle aches

What to Do if You Suspect Mpox

• Seek medical care immediately
• Avoid close contact with others
• Do not share personal items

Prevention

• Avoid close contact with infected individuals
• Practice good hygiene
• Use protective measures when caring for persons with Mpox

Where to Get Help

Contact WAAF’s clinic the International Health Care Centre (IHCC) in Haatso Accra or your nearest health facility for guidance.

What is Malaria?

Malaria is a life-threatening disease caused by parasites transmitted through the bite of infected mosquitoes.

Key Facts

• Common in many parts of Africa
• Preventable and treatable
• Children and pregnant women are most at risk

Symptoms

• Fever
• Chills
• Headache
• Vomiting
• Body aches

Testing

• Malaria can be confirmed with a simple blood test
• Do not self-diagnose—get tested

Treatment

• Treated with antimalarial medications
• Early treatment prevents severe illness

Prevention

• Sleep under insecticide-treated nets
• Use mosquito repellents
• Eliminate standing water around homes

Where to Get Help

Visit the WAAF clinic, International Health Care Centre in Haatso or a nearby health facility for testing and treatment.

What is Cervical Cancer?

Cervical cancer is a type of cancer that affects the cervix and is mainly caused by persistent infection with some strains of the human papilloma virus (HPV).

Key Facts

• It is one of the most preventable cancers
• Early detection saves lives
• Women living with HIV are at a higher risk

Symptoms

• Abnormal vaginal bleeding
• Pelvic pain
• Pain during sexual intercourse
• Unusual vaginal discharge

NB: Early stages may have no symptoms

Screening

• Regular screening (Pap smear or HPV testing) is key
• Early detection allows for effective treatment

Prevention

• HPV vaccination
• Regular screening
• Safe sexual practices like condom use

Why It Matters

Early action can prevent most cases of cervical cancer.

Where to Get Help

The WAAF clinic, International Health Care Centre in Haatso supports screening awareness and referrals. You can also visit any health facility to get screened.

What is Tuberculosis?

Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by bacteria that mainly affect the lungs but can also affect other parts of the body.

Key Facts

• TB is curable and treatable
• TB of the lungs spreads through the air when an infected person coughs or sneezes
• TB is more common among people with weakened immune systems, including those living with HIV

Symptoms

• Persistent cough (lasting more than 2 weeks)
• Chest pain
• Coughing up blood
• Fever and night sweats
• Weight loss and fatigue

Testing & Diagnosis

• TB testing is available at the WAAF clinic, the International Health Care Centre and other health
  facilities
• Early diagnosis helps prevent spread and complications and enhances good treatment outcome
• Testing is especially important for people living with HIV

Treatment

• TB is treated with a course of antibiotics over several months
• It is important to complete the full treatment to get completely cured.
• Stopping treatment without completing the full course treatment leads to drug-resistant TB

Prevention

• Cover your mouth when coughing or sneezing
• Ensure good ventilation in your living spaces
• Get tested early if you have symptoms
• For people living with HIV (PLHIV), Tuberculosis Preventive Therapy (TPT) is used to help prevent
  TB infection from developing into active TB disease. This is important because HIV weakens the
  immune system, making PLHIV more vulnerable to developing TB.

Where to Get Help

WAAF’s clinic the International Health Care Centre in Haatso, Accra provides TB screening, referrals, and
support services.